Title
of the Research Proposal:
Yoga
Education: Developmental Perspectives of the Learners at secondary Level
Government Training College Hooghly
Abstract (approx. 200
words): Yoga
is the union of Individual self (through mind restraining process) with the
Supreme Self. It is the restraint of mental operation (process) and the
disconnection of connection with sufferings such as mental agony, stress,
anxiety and frustration. The process of yoga is essential to all human beings
whose inherent nature is to seek happiness and become free from miseries and
suffering. It makes a balance (equanimity) between body, mind and soul. The
secret of all round development-physical, mental, social, moral,economic,
aesthetic etc. which is the main objective of education lies in the root of
Yoga. The important tools of a human being namely mind, breath, speech, and
body are used in the process of yoga to achieve the highest goal of human life
namely Self- Realization, the ultimate aim of education in ancient times
resulting in Pure Bliss. Thus it is evident that yoga is not merely restricted
to poses and acrobatic postures with impressive demonstrations, the sole purpose
of yoga is the realization of self and making welfare of all. The ideal
Human civilization is in search of true knowledge-the knowledge of Truth which
could be achieved through the adoption of yoga philosophy in education.
So the ancient sages and gurus implies the basic fundamentals of
Yoga Philosophy in education for all round development. The goal of
developmental perspectives of the learners is the sole factor in education
which could be fulfilled by the implications of Yoga Education. The
project proposal has been formulated
keeping in view of the aim and objectives of real education
.Yoga transforms one’s life to a transcendent bliss. So total
development of personality, the only aim of education, could be fulfilled through
the practice of Yoga and receiving yoga education properly. Therefore, the
ancient practice is reflected in our National education policy-2020 though
there are tremendous development occurred in the field of science and
Technology in this age of Knowledge explosion in 21st century.
(i)
Introduction of the proposed study (approx. 200
words): This
age is an age of knowledge explosion and e-learning. Tremendous development in
the field of education has been occurred due to the increasing use of
Information and communication Technology in the field of
education. New Curriculum according to the needs of the learners has
been introduced in all stages of education. Innovative teaching methods,
strategies, tools and techniques have been introduced. Continuous comprehensive
evaluation system has been implemented. But man making and character
building education is yet to be achieved due to gradual erosion of
different values in life. The objectives of all round development of the
students have not been completely achieved due to the negligence of teachings in ancient yogic scriptures. The NPE-2020 emphasised on
both modern science and Technology and our glorious heritage of Yoga
Philosophy. Recently the NCTE has recommended Yoga Education in B.Ed syllabus.
The five thousand years Indian age old body of knowledge ‘Yoga’ is now
considered as one of the effective ways to achieve the goal and objectives of
education. It is the true union of our will to the will of the almighty.
Mahadev Desai in his article Gita
According to Gandhi’ mentioned that ‘the yoking of all the
powers of body, mind and soul to God; it means the disciplining of the
intellect, the mind, the emotions, the will, which that Yoga presupposes, a
poise of soul which enables one to look at life in all its aspects evenly’.
Mahatma Gandhi followed the principles of Yoga and wanted to bring true
development of the learners. Mahatma Gandhi categorically emphasized on the
development of body, mind and spirit which is possible if development of 3 H’s
(Head, Hand and Heart) instead of 3 R’s (Reading, Writing, Arethmatic) is given
more importance. Development of body, mind and spirit is possible through the
practice of yoga and through the implementation of Yoga Education in the
curriculum of all stages of education. Mahatma Gandhi propagated and followed
the principles of Astanga Yoga for the attainment of
Sustainable development and the sustainability of the human race on this
planet.
The origin and concept of Yoga: The
word ‘Yoga’ is derived from the sanskrit word ‘Yuj’ which means
union of the ‘self’ to the ‘supreme self’ The word “Yoga” means
“yoke” or “unity” translated from Sanskrit, the classical language of India. It
also means “discipline” or “effort.”
Yoga requires to make an effort to unify our body and
mind. We do this by concentrating our awareness on our physical body
through breathing and postures. It is the aim of yoga to achieve purity and
clarity of manas (mind), buddhi (intellect) and chitta (consciousness). ‘Yogaschittyavritti
Nirodha’ Yoga is restraining the mid-stuff from taking various forms
(vrittis) This removal of impurities allows the individual to realize
and remain in original and normal state of uncontaminated joy and bliss.
History of Yoga: Development
of yoga can be traced back to over 5000 years ago, but some researchers think that yoga may be up to 10000 years
old. Yoga’s long rich history can be divided into five main periods
innovation, practice and development. They are Vedic period, Pre-classical
period, Classical period, Yoga in Mediaval times and Modern times. Yoga
may have pre-Vedic elements even during Indus valley civilization. In Indus
seal a picture of ‘Proto Shiva (Yogi Murti) surrounded by animals
proved that people in that age used to practise yoga. In Upanishads such
as Shvetashvataropanishad and Kathopanishad, yoga
is referred as an essential means to achieve happiness. In Kathopanishat,
for example, it is advised: “Treat the self as the person seated in the
body as the chariot. Then, treat the intellect as the driver (charioteer), the
mind as the reins and the senses as the horses. The one who has control of mind
directed by intellect thereby controlling the senses leads the person to the
spiritual goal. Otherwise a person’s life will be as of a chariot driven by
uncontrolled horses.”
(ii) (iv)Major existing research
works reviewed (approx.
300words)
1)
International
National
REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE:
One of the
important steps of any type of research is a careful study and review of the
related books, research journals, dissertations and other sources of
information. Review of the related literature allows the researcher to be
acquainted with current development in the field and to define limits or scope
on the problem to be investigated. It helps the researchers to know about the
tools and techniques proved to be useful in previous studies and provide
insight into statistical method proved to be valid. It helps researcher to
avoid untruthful and useless problem areas and unintentional duplication of
well-established findings. Identification of source is the first step of the
review of literature. Primary sources in the form of research articles, books,
dissertations or thesis give the researcher a basis on which judgment of the
research is made. To solve the present Research problem and to complete the
proposed project, books related to Yoga Philosophy and Education will be
reviewed.
Altekar, A. S. in
his book Education in Ancient India
(II ed.), (1982) stated that the Ariyan period could be regarded as the
peaceful, mature and practical age of education. To him, “From the Vedic age
downwards the central concept of education of the Indians has been that it is a
source of illumination, giving us a correct lead in the various spheres of
life”
The Vedas were
ancient hymns, sung in the forests, by Rishis. They were not put in
written form. According to Hindu tradition the Vedas were composed as far back
as 10,000 years. In this Vedic Period, the word “Yoga” was used occasionally,
often in reference to Homas, fire ceremonies. The “practical aspects” of
Yoga were not formalized, but were part and parcel of the Vedic seer’s life. To
perform Homa, the sages had to sit immobile for days, weeks, even months
in “Asanas”, straight, still, sitting positions of the body. The Mantras
chanted required tremendous breath control
that is called Pranayama in Yoga Philosophy. The ritualistic
accuracy and purity required intense concentration or Dharana . The
senses had to be controlled, as fasting and other physical disciplines through
strong practice of Yoga Sadhana. So, the word “Yoga” does appear in the
Vedas. According to Dr.K.H. Kumar Kaul, author of YOGA IN THE HINDU SCRIPTURES, in the prayers of the RIG VEDA to Indra, the Rishis
advise the aspirant to follow the path of Yoga for obtaining energy from the
“Divine Person”. In the RIGVEDA, (V, 81.1) the Mantra repeats the word “Yoga”
and implies different types of Yoga related to all kinds of human existence.
In YAJURVEDA,
according to Dr. Kaul, some references directly or indirectly related to Yogic
systems are found in the reference “Yujate man…” for the sake of putting
emphasis on mental Yoga. Dr. Kaul says the ATHARVAVEDA is the most
important for the study of Yoga practices. In the ATHARVAVEDA references
are found to Prana, the vital energy of the Universe, and also to Chakras
(eight Chakras in the Pranic body and nine aperatures (gates) in the body”. “Astachara navdvara devanam pruayodhya tasyam
hiranyayah kosh o kosha svargo jyotisavrth” (ATHARVAVEDA 10.2.31).
Pranavidya or the Science of Prana is referred to in the ATHARVAVEDA in
which the meaning is that Prana is the essence of the Universe. According to
the ATHARVAVEDA, all senses and motor organs can stop their functioning
when they are tired, but only Prana is always working and active as long as the
body lives. ATHARVAVEDA gives importance to the practice of Yoga. Dr.
Kumar Kaul observes: “All the four Vedic Samhitas refer directly or
indirectly to the Yoga system and the Yoga traditions. In the first three Samhitas
there are direct as well as indirect references to Yoga and the ATHARAVAVEDA
gives the clear conception of Yoga describing the eight mystical circles (Chakras)
and the nine gates of the human body-the golden sheath and the mystical wheel
containing the thousand spokes. Therefore, it may be considered that the Vedic
sages were aware of the nature, importance and implication of the practical
aspects of Yoga. Their supernatural knowledge discovered the secret of yoga as
they were the practical Yogis. The path of Yoga, helped them become successful
in revealing divine knowledge within their minds. The Vedas came to be written
down, and systematized by Ved Vyasa, the author of the Mahabharatha.
The Upanishads,
or the Vedanta may be as old as 3,000 to 5,000 years were the explanations of
the mystic concepts of the Vedas in more concrete, less abstract form. Next to
the VEDAS, the UPANISHADS are the most important repositories of ancient Hindu
mystic Yogic thought. They represent a body of spiritual realizations based
upon individual experience which was transmitted from the Guru to the student
who literally “Sat at the Guru’s feet”. Several Upanishads contain nuggets of
golden Yogic truth. THE KATHOPANISHAD teaches, “The Creator of the Universe
opened the gate of the senses outside. In this Upanishad Lord Yama also teaches
Nacheketas that there are one hundred and one nerves in the heart, and among
them, one goes upward through the head and if the Yogi raises himself to the
head through this particular nerve, he attains immortality, (KATHOPANISHAD II,
3.16). In PRASNA UPANISHAD, the Guru Pippalada in answering questions from six
disciples, propounds the concept of Prana as the “mother-father of all created
things”, and the concept of polarity, or movement between Creator and Created,
as a sustenance of the manifested world. He also elucidates in detail the idea
of Prana, as the Supreme Moving Force of Creation, in the famous verse, “And
when the queen bee rises, all the bees with her arise, and when she comes to
rest, again, then all come to rest. Even so it happened to the senses. They
realized that Prana was supreme and made obescience to it”. (PRASNA UPANISHAD).
The Guru sketches the intimate relationship of mind and Prana, and teaches the
importance of meditation on the sacred PRANAVA AUM. The MUNDAKA UPANISHAD
begins with the importance of meditation on AUM and also following the Yama and
Niyamas, or morality and ethics in life. Both the MUNDAKA and the PRASNA
UPANISHADS belong to the Atharvaveda. THE CHANDOGYA UPANISHAD also stresses the
importance of chanting and meditating upon the Sanskrit syllable AUM, which it
describes as UDGITA, the “sacred word which is sung”. This Upanishad also
describes the greatness of Prana. It also beautifully describes the concept of
Dhyana, or meditation, and says that “whatever great thing is known to men is
known through meditation… the whole earth, middle space, the heaven, waters and
even mountains are engaged in Dhyana”. In the BRIHADARANYAKA UPANISHAD sage
Yajnavalkya, teaches there are three means of liberation, i.e. Sravana, or
study; Manana, rational thinking and Nididhyasan Meditation. THE SHVETASVTARA
UPANISHAD is the last among the main Upanishads. The second chapter is devoted
to an explanation of Yoga philosophy. The sage says persons practicing Yoga and
Dhyana must unite their mind with God. God, then with His Grace, unites their
intellect with Him, and they then perceive His Light. Moksha is possible only
with purity of heart (SHVETASVTARA UPANISHAD (2.1). This Upanishad explains
Yoga with the help of the Vedic Samhita Mantras. The concept of Yoga in the
UPANISHADS is that the spiritual life starts with mental purity, control and
devotion to the Divine Spirit. The Upanishads wonderfully advocate consummate
virtues like devotion, dedication, service, austerity, truthfulness,
continence, self-restraint, faith, generosity, etc. though not in proper order,
but which are definitely included in the system of Yoga. In KATHOPANISHAD, the
word “Yoga” has been used in its technical sense and has been defined as
“controlling and stabilizing the senses”. This Upanishad further gives stress
on ADHYATMA YOGA which leads to Self-realisation. The motto of Karmayoga which is
defined in the opening verse of ISAVASYOPANISAD. “The actions done with an
attitude of renunciation do not become binding”. In KENOPANISAD nature of
Self-Realisation has been explained which gives indirect hints to such a
Karmayoga. The SVETASYATAROPANISAD prepares a long list of Yogic
practices. The realization of the mystic power of God through the Yoga of
meditation (DHYANAYOGA) was also recommended. The divine power, known as
Kundalini in Yogic culture, is produced by meditation. For the first time, the
posture and the place for Pranayama and meditation is described, in detail, in
this Upanishad. The KATHOPANISAD refers to the metaphor of a charioteer
and the Self is said to be the driver of the chariot; the mind; the reins; the
senses; the horses; the sense-objects the paths on which chariot goes. The
chariot reaches its proper goal if the horses are properly controlled by the
Charioteer (Higher Consciousness, Manas) keeping full control over the reins.
Yoga is understood as one of the finest examples found in the Upanishads for
the Spiritual Living. The MUNDAKOPANISAD represents further a
development of Yoga techniques, narrating ‘OM’ as the main object of
meditation.
YOGA VASHISHTA is another Yogic scripture
which is very difficult to date. Many Hindu tradition holds that Lord Rama
lived in Treta Yoga and thus the Ramayana, the story of his life, was written
by Sage Valmiki, about 7,000 years ago. The Ramayana is also an allegory for
the principles of Yogic living. Lord Rama was the supreme Yogi and the role
model for all Yogic qualities. The RAMAYANA
is a “practical Yoga manual” showing
mankind how to live a spiritual life. Proper attitudes to take towards all the
challenges of worldly life are elaborated in detail in the work.
The MAHABHARATHA is the second great “Yogic
allegory” of Hindu literature, written by sage Ved Vyasa. It tells the story of
the struggle of every human soul to overcome the animalistic passions
(symbolized by the Kauravas) and enable the triumph of the divine qualities of
the God nature (symbolized by the Pandavas). The Mahabharatha is also the story
of Krishna, who, it is believed, lived in Dwapara Yuga, about 5,000 years ago.
It is said that when Lord Krishna died, And the date is postulated at about
3125 B.C., Kali Yuga began. Embedded within the Mahabharatha is the world
famous scripture of Hinduism
THE BHAGAVAD GITA which is the
ultimate text book of Yoga. In eighteen chapters of the discourse between Lord
Krishna and Arjuna, the word “Yoga”
is frequently used in the Bhagavad Gita. In fact, every one of the eighteen
chapters is entitled as a “Yoga”.
Lord Krishna carefully leads Arjuna
out of Vishadha, or depression, into a positive state of mind where he is able
to fulfill his duties as a warrior. The famous Yogic concepts of the Gita
include: “Yoga Karmasu Kaushaam”
(Yoga is skill in action) and” Yoga
Uchayati Samatva” (Yoga is equal mindedness in all circumstances). Concepts
of Karma Yoga, Bhakthi Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Dhyana Yoga were codified and
elaborated in a systematic way for the first time in the Bhagavad Gita. The
emphasis was on Vairayga or detachment and Viveka or discrimination. No
practical instruction is given, other than the instruction to “sit straight”
with head and neck erect. The word “Asana”
is used, but mainly in reference to the “seat” on which the Yogi is to sit to perfect his “meditation”. The
concept of “Yoga” as an attitude towards living which could embrace the entire
spectrum of man’s existence was first formulated clearly and boldly by Maharishi Ved Vyasa in his magus opus,
THE BHAGAVAD GITA which forms a part of the MAHABHARATHA. In these eighteen
chapters, each chapter of which is entitled a “Yoga”, Lord Krishna instructs
his disciple Arjuna that Yoga is cultivating the “proper attitude” of mind in
all of life’s circumstances. Yoga is not just a “withdrawal from the world and practice
of extreme asceticism” but rather a Yogi is he who is “moderate in both eating
and fasting, sleeping and waking”.(Chapter Sixteen) (16). “Yoga is not
possible for him who eats too much or for him who abstains too much from
eating. It is not for him, who sleeps too much or too little.” Even “Dejection
and Despair” can be a “Yoga” in the sense that often such despair is the
starting point of the spiritual life.
Lord Krishna defines Yoga as “a balanced mind.”
“The one fixed in equanimity of mind frees oneself in this life from vice and
virtue alike. Therefore, devote yourself to Yoga. Work done to perfection is
verily Yoga.” (Chapter Two. 50). The Yogi is one who has controlled his senses.
“The Yogi, having controlled them (the senses) sits focused on Me, as the
Supreme Goal. His wisdom is constant whose senses are under subjugation”.
(Chapter16). A Yogi is a man who rises above the duality of action and
non-action “He who sees action in inaction and inaction in action, he is wise
among men, he is a Yogi and accomplisher of everything”. (Chapter Four 18). The
Yogi is not attached to the fruits of action “Abandoning the fruit of action,
the Yogi attains peace born of steadfastness; impelled by desire, the non-Yogi
is bound, attached to fruit”. (Chapter Five 12).
Yoga Sutras of sage Patanjali are still not
often recognized to be part of a larger work along with The Yoga Bhashya; the
commentary on these sutras. One which is said to be written by Vyasa, yet, most
scholars believe was actually Patanjali. Therefore, as much as there are varied
interpretations of this text due to how sparse it is, the meaning is clearly
given in the commentary, as well as two later ones of importance (Vacaspati
Misra’s and Vijnanabhiksu’s)
´ There are 4
chapters or padas in The Yoga Sutras. They are, Samadhi Pada, laying out the
fundamental, metaphysical view. Sadhana Pada, that which describes how to
practice, Vibhuti pada; strangely, a whole chapter on the special-powers
(Sidhis) that come from practice, and Kaivalya Pada, that delves deeper into
the state of liberation and the aspect of meditation that precedes it.
YOGACINTAMANI
´ In this text we
find thirty-four asana’s described in detail. Kukkutasana along with mayurasana
are featured amongst what starts to become a more physically dynamic approach
to yoga asana.
´ The text borrows
extensively and directly from the hathapradipika. However, its primary
orientation is on the science of Ayurveda. The author is Harthsakirti Suri, and
in it, it details the ashtavidha pariksha, or, eight types of examination of a
patient. Namely; pulse, urine, eyes, oral, tongue, stool, voice and touch.
GHERANDASAMHITA
´ Authored by Srisa
Chandra Vasu it means Gheranda’s collection. The text details a sevenfold yoga
(in contrast to Patanjali’s ashtanga). This involved; shatkarma, asana, mudra,
pranayama, pratyahara, dhyana, samadhi. The purpose then being to use asana once
again for the sake of the ultimate aim of meditation, dhyana.
YOGA MAKARANDA
´ This text is authored by Shri Krishnamacharya
the text lays out in pictural form and accompanying instruction a practice that
groups asanas into sequences very similar to those of the ashtanga yoga we know
today. Here, we find the emphasis on the technique of trishtana; breath,
bandha, Drishti as well as the ‘counting method’ known now as the vinyasa
count.
´ Books related to
Indian education like History of
Education in India by Dr. S. N. Mukherji, Contemporary Problems and Current Trends in Education by S.K.
Murthty, Develop of Education in India by S. P Aggarwa and A.
Biswas, , History of Indian Education by
P.L.Rawat , Education Ideas and
Ideals of Gandhi & Tagore by David Hardimanm, The Educational
Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi by M. S.
Patel, Value education by Mohit
Chakrabarti, Thoughts and Theories of
Indian educational thinkers by B. N. Dash and Nibedita Dash and other books
will be studied to reach the goal of research project.
2)
Identification of Research gap (approx. 200
words): Education is a powerful force in bringing
rapid changes in the Society. Education includes all the process that develops
human ability and behaviour (UNESCO). Human beings have two important
aspects-Biological and Sociological. The Biological aspect is maintained and
transmitted by nutrition and reproduction. The Sociological aspect is improved
and transmitted through a powerful means of education. So conceptualization and
development of education as a product has more importance than the others.
India is a famous
country that has the right to take pride in Yoga Philosophy and in ancient age
old educational system. India’s glorious culture presents to mankind the
history of several races invaded India and mixed in the human ocean of India.
Dr. F. W. Thomas one of the distinguished Indologists writes, “There is no
country where the love of learning so early an origin or has exercised so
lasting and powerful an influence.” The ideal of Hindu education was based on
it’s Yoga Philosophy and culture and not in mere literacy. The system of Indian
education is the development of ‘self’ and to realize the supreme ‘self’
through the practice of Yoga education to liberate mind and to lead the highest
possible life. The pivotal sources of ancient education were the Vedas. The
Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads were the granaries of the ancient rich
culture and heritage. Dr. R. K. Mukherjee said, ‘Since the birth of the oldest
Vedic poetry, we find Indian literature for a period of more than a thousand
years bearing an exclusively religious impression’ A.S. Altekar has rightly
remarks, ‘the knowledge is a third eye of man which gives him insight into all
affairs…’ The education of ancient India was exclusively religious in nature
influenced by Yoga Philosophy during the early and later Vedic period.
Realization of true knowledge was the main aim towards the achievement of
absolute or Brahma. Education during the Buddhist period was basically
religious in nature and based on practicable principles, high ideals and non-violence.
.
But nowadays Students, of all stages whether it may be Primary,
secondary or Higher education, are engaged themselves in accumulating bookish
knowledge. Learning to them becomes a burden and monotonous. Intrinsic
motivation in them is rare for achieving true knowledge or empirical knowledge.
Education today does not help them to become self-sufficient and self-dependent
in future. Even education of today is not so related to the new changes in the
global perspectives and growing socio-economic problems stirring up in our
country in the present century. In educational scenario what we notice today is
indiscipline, impatience, violence, lawlessness, hatred, decrease of human
values, lack of self-confidence, self-sufficiency and self- reliance, mental
insecurity, stress, depression, anxiety consumerisation of foreign culture etc.
The skills of Problem solving attitude, Decision making capacity,
Communication, Interpersonal relation, Empathy, Social awareness,
self-awareness, Coping up with emotion and Stress are not inculcated due to
lack of active involvement of the
learners in the Teaching-learning process. So ‘all round drawing out of the
best’-the goal of education is not fulfilled. As a result, unemployment, Student’s unrest, violation of
human rights, violation of rules & regulations, religious fanaticism,
inhuman treatment to women, caste conflicts prevailed to greater extent in the present century.
National
Education Policy-2020 introduced New Curriculum according to the needs of the
learners and society has been introduced in all stages of education. Innovative
teaching methods, strategies, tools and techniques have been introduced.
Continuous comprehensive evaluation system has been
implemented. But man making and character building education is yet to be
achieved due to gradual value erosion. The objectives of all round development
of the students have not been completely fulfilled. Recently the NCTE has
recommended Yoga Education in B.Ed syllabus.
So
the Principles of Yoga Philosophy which have been recommended in NPE-2020 could
be the solution of present day problem of education as once the implications of
Yoga Philosophy in ancient Indian Education generated the Human resource to
reach the zenith of progress of human
civilization based on values and morality. The proposed project will highlight
as to how Yoga Education could fulfill the goal of education , development of 3
Hs (Hand, Heart &Head)and generate human resources of our country.
(v)
Framework and methods proposed
for research (approx.
300 words): It is planned that the project will be completed within the period of
one year reviewing related literature, ancient scriptures and books. Above all
the Trainee Teachers of B.Ed colleges where Yoga Education has been introduced
by the NCTE, Teachers, Yoga Practitioners and Experts will be interviewed and
their valuable opinions will be reviewed by the investigator to reach the goal
of the project. It will be study applying qualitative approach of
investigation.
Objectives of the study: 1. To find out the implications of Yoga
Philosophy in Ancient , Medieval and Modern education in India
2. To search out the trends of Indian
education system during the ancient, medieval and British period and to reveal
the necessity of implying principles of Yoga Philosophy in education.
3.
To assess the influence of ‘Yoga sutra’
in the process of all round development particularly the Life skills of the
Learners in Secondary Level.
4
.To search out the relevance of Yoga
Philosophy in the present Indian socio-economic and educational scenario.
5. To find out how the value based ideology as
propagated by Sage Patanjali could shape the Human Resource of our country.
6.
To search out how Yoga education could solve the educational crises arising in
educational institutions in the 21st century.
7.
To evaluate the thrust areas of National Education policy-2020 in relation to
yoga education
8.
To suggest the future prospects of Yoga education in the field of research for
the progress of human resource.
§
Research Questions: 1. What is the impact and
implications of Yoga Philosophy in Ancient , Medieval and Modern education in
India?
2. How were the trends of Indian education
system during the ancient, medieval and British period and what are the needs
of principles of Yoga Philosophy in education?
3.
What is the influence of ‘Yoga sutra’ in the process of all round
development particularly the Life skills of the Learners in Secondary Level?
4.
What is the relevance of the relevance of Yoga Philosophy in the present Indian
socio-economic and educational scenario?
5.
How did the value based ideology as propagated by Sage Patanjali shape the
Human Resource of our country?
6.
How did Yoga education could solve the educational crises arising in
educational institutions in the 21st century?
7.
How does evaluate the thrust areas of National Education policy-2020 in relation to yoga education can solve
the educational crises arising in
educational institutions in the 21st
century?
8.
How does the findings suggest the future prospects of Yoga education in the
field of research for the progress of human resource?
§ Hypothesis of
the study: Yoga Education and Practices of
Yoga Kriyas help the Learners for their
all round Development
Variables of the study: Demographic and Contextual Variables (Control
Variables)
- Age: Participants’ age may influence their physical, mental, and
spiritual development.
- Gender: Gender differences could affect how individuals respond to yoga
practices in each domain.
- Yoga
Experience: Whether the individual is a beginner,
intermediate, or advanced practitioner of yoga.
- Frequency
and Duration of Yoga Practice: The number of
sessions per week, as well as the length of each session.
- Type
of Yoga: The specific style of yoga practiced
(e.g., Hatha, Vinyasa, Kundalini) might influence the outcomes in
physical, mental, and spiritual domains.
Assessment Methods
- Physical: Measurement tools like fitness tests, flexibility tests, posture
analysis, and body composition assessment.
- Mental: Psychological tests, questionnaires on stress, emotional
regulation, and cognitive functions, along with self-reports or
interviews.
- Spiritual: Self-assessments, questionnaires related to spiritual well-being
(e.g., the Spiritual Well-Being Scale), and qualitative reflections from
participants.
These variables can be quantified and evaluated through various research
methods to gauge how yoga education influences physical, mental, and spiritual
development over time.
Operational definition of the terms/
Explanation of the
terms: Physical Development
- Flexibility: The range of motion in various joints and muscles, measured
through specific yoga poses (asanas).
- Strength: Physical power, including muscular endurance and overall body
strength.
- Balance: Ability to maintain a stable position during standing or dynamic
poses.
- Endurance: Cardiovascular and muscular endurance, typically measured through
the duration of physical yoga practices.
- Posture: The alignment and positioning of the body in daily life and yoga
postures.
- Body
Composition: Changes in body fat percentage, muscle
mass, and overall physical condition due to yoga practice.
- Breathing
Capacity: The efficiency of the respiratory
system, often assessed through pranayama (breathing exercises).
2. Mental Development
- Concentration: The ability to focus and direct mental energy, which can be
assessed through mindfulness practices or specific concentration exercises
in yoga.
- Memory: The improvement in short-term and long-term memory as a result of
yoga practices, particularly through focus, meditation, and mental
exercises.
- Stress
Reduction: The decrease in psychological stress,
often measured using questionnaires like the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
or cortisol levels in the body.
- Emotional
Regulation: Ability to manage and balance
emotions, especially after engaging in practices like meditation and
breathwork.
- Mental
Clarity: The improvement in cognitive function
and clarity of thought as a result of yoga education.
- Self-awareness: The level of understanding one has of their own thoughts,
emotions, and behavior, enhanced through mindfulness and self-reflection
during yoga.
3. Spiritual Development
- Mindfulness: Being present and aware of the present moment in daily life,
often cultivated through meditation and mindful movement.
- Self-realization: The experience of a deeper understanding of one’s true nature,
identity, and connection to the universe, which can be a goal of yoga
practice.
- Inner
Peace: The sense of tranquility and calmness,
resulting from consistent yoga practice.
- Connection
to a Higher Power or Universal Energy:
The development of a sense of interconnectedness, unity, and spirituality,
which can be observed through the meditation or philosophical aspects of
yoga.
- Compassion
and Empathy: The increase in feelings of kindness,
love, and empathy towards oneself and others, often enhanced through
yoga’s ethical teachings.
- Detachment
and Letting Go: A reduced attachment
to material desires and ego-driven goals, leading to more profound
spiritual growth.
§ Delimitation of the study: Delimitations are the boundaries
that the researcher sets in a research study, deciding what to include and what
to exclude. There are some constraints of the study as
the study related to ancient heritage – the yoga philosophy and being a
qualitative study, the success depends on the availability of primary as well
as secondary sources of data. In spite
of that the targeted time period to complete the study is fixed by the
researcher as three years. The other constraints as and when faced will be
faced as per the their nature and characteristics. Research questions will be focussed in the
process of collecting data to achieve the objectives of the study.
§ Research
Methodology:
Research method:
Research design is an important step of every research. It is a plan of
action. It is a plan for collecting and analyzing data in an economic,
efficient and relevant manner. It is related to the nature and scope of the
problem. One of the most important components is review of related literature
and other important components are sources of date, procedures employed to
collect the data, field Survey etc.
§
Population of the study: Research design is an important step of every
research. It is a plan of action. It is a plan for collecting and analyzing
data in an economic, efficient and relevant manner. It is related to the nature
and scope of the problem. One of the most important components is review of
related literature and other important components are sources of date,
procedures employed to collect the data, field Survey etc.
§ Sample of the study(Sampling technique and sample size)
Tools and Techniques: Here the research problem is designed
in the socio-cultural context. Implications of Yoga principles on education is
explained and its implication to present educational scenario will be shown
necessary for the all-round development of the pupils particularly at secondary
level of education. A comparative study of educational progress will be
explained during the period of ancient, medieval, British India and the present
day education following the Yoga philosophy of sage Patanjali. So related
literature, books, journals will be reviewed and expert opinions will be taken
to assess the thrust areas of NPE-2020 related to secondary level of
education for all round development of
the students(physical, mental and spiritual) with the implications of yoga
education
Data Collection Procedure: Expected
outcomes of the study is assumed that if
Implications of the basic fundamentals of Yoga Philosophy in education is assessed and evaluated , it would help to achieve objectives of all round
development of the learners at Secondary stage.
Relevance of the study could be assumed is that Yoga transforms one’s life to a
transcendental bliss and total development of personality-the only aim
of education, could be fulfilled through the practice of Yoga and receiving
yoga education properly. Therefore, the ancient practice is reflected in our
National education policy-2020 though there are tremendous development occurred
in the field of science and Technology in this age of Knowledge explosion in 21st
century.
Data Analysis Techniques:
The
identification of the theoretical sources that is to be read and evaluated is
the essential step of gathering data. Related literature can be reviewed
through the use of primary and secondary sources available in the library. The
primary source s include books, journals, research articles, monographs. All
these give the researcher a basis on which to make his own judgment of the
study. These textual sources though time consuming provide a good source of
information on the research methods. In the secondary sources, the researcher
compiles and summarizes the findings of the work done by others and gives
interpretation of these findings. The disadvantage of the secondary sources is
that the reader depends upon someone else’s judgments about the significant
aspect of the study. Though review of the text is more logical, only the
researcher has to develop the expertise to use the sources without much loss of
time and energy.
Innovativeness in the proposed research (150 words): “ Education
is an organized and sustained instruction designed to communicate a combination
of knowledge, skills and understanding valuable for all the activities of life”
UNESCO (1986)
It
is seen that so far education of the learners is concerned; the aims and
objectives of education are not properly fulfilled. The values and life skills
of the students particularly at Secondary stage are not developed. The
Philosophical base of education is neglected. Hence, ‘Man making and Character building
education’ is not imparted. India is marching ahead towards prosperity. But her
growing prosperity is attended with corruption, crime, permissiveness, lawlessness
and violence leaving her children with a growing sense of unfulfilment,
anxiety, fear and diminishing faith. Such education is needed which could
impart the glorious values and ancient heritage of our country to make men and
women of impeccable character and ability and capable of immense Idealism and
immense practicality. The present study
on the implications of Yoga
Philosophy is an attempt to find out the way to bring value erosion under
control to develop human resource for the development of an ideal nation
through the inculcation of true education at Secondary level. The study is also
an attempt to find out whether the principles propounded in Patanjali’s ‘Yoga
sutras’ is the solution to reach the goal of the Secondary education.
What is expected path-breaking in the research
(200 words):
Man has stepped into
the twenty-first century. Medical science and men are working with many better
technologists to offer better health care. World health organization is engaged
in taking stock of global health status and taking necessary steps to raise the
health standards. Hi-tech medical
facilities with fascinating advances in spare-part surgeries, although have
made life more comfortable, with a life expectancy of greater than seventy
years, the expected quality of life, with harmony and peace seems to be far
from reality. Problems of stress, stress related ailments, unrest, breaking up
families, are all on an exponential rise. Health professionals who started by
giving relief to their suffering sick fellow beings, through medicines and
surgeries, are now faced with such newer questions because of the need of the
hour. Most of the common health and social problems cannot be solved through
germ theories, antibiotics or surgeries. The advent of fascinating diagnostic
tools has started pointing to the role of mind on matter. Biochemical,
psycho-neuro physiological, immunological researchers are all recognizing the
role of mind, the life style, suppressed emotions, stress etc. in the causation
of many of these challenges of the millennium. The proposed study is a path-breaking to search-out as to how the
the practice and application of yoga philosophy in life could change the
physical, mental and Spiritual dimension of life.
(vi) Expected Outputs such as papers, report,
book, document, dataset
etc. (100 words):
The findings of the study will be published in the peer reviewed journal, UGC
certified journal and magazines to focus the main implications of yoga
education showing the developmental perspectives of the learners in secondary
level. The progress report will be sent to the authority in due course. A book
with ISBN will be published for broad circulation of the message showing the
significance of Yoga education at all stages of education. Publications on
yoga projects are crucial because they contribute to the growing body of
scientific evidence supporting the health benefits of yoga, allowing for wider
adoption of the practice and informing further research by documenting its
effectiveness in managing various health conditions, promoting wellbeing, and
providing insights into the mechanisms behind its positive impacts on physical
and mental health.
(vii)
Relevance of the proposed study for
policy-making (approx. 300 words):
The philosophy and
practices of Yoga are quite relevant in the modern life and they play
significant role in the prevention of disease and health promotion through
sustainable approach .The principles and practices of Yoga particularly the ‘AstangaYoga’ have been practiced form
several thousand years and have been subjected for the investigation in different areas like psychology and allied
sciences. They stood the test of all the time and are of great help in the
achievement of best possible holistic health through their regular practice.
Yoga revives our heritage and tradition and supports the modern health care
system to prevent many of the modern psychosomatic diseases.
The proposed study
will help the stake holders to make futuristic plan to make people sound body
in sound mind and above all healthy human resource of our country. Yoga
education will be given priority in the school, college and university
curriculum which was neglected for the last hundred years.
(xi) Relevance of
the proposed study for society (approx. 200 words)
The proposed study is highly relevant in the 21st century
due to its ability to address the prevalent issues of stress, anxiety, and
sedentary lifestyles by offering a holistic approach to physical, mental,
and emotional well-being through practices like postures (asanas), breathing exercises (pranayama),
and meditation, making it a valuable tool for managing the demands of modern
life across various age groups and fitness levels.
Yoga, a millennia-old practice
originating from ancient India, has become more relevant than ever in the 21st
century. In a world marked by rapid technological advancements and an
ever-increasing pace of life, the importance of yoga has transcended its historical
roots. The modern era presents unique challenges to physical health, mental
well-being, and stress management, and yoga offers a comprehensive solution to
these concerns.
In terms of physical health, the
sedentary nature of many contemporary lifestyles has led to a rise in health
issues such as obesity, cardiovascular problems, and musculoskeletal disorders.
Yoga provides a holistic approach to physical fitness, emphasizing not only
strength and flexibility but also mindful movement and awareness of one's body.
Its postures, or asanas, cater to individuals of all fitness levels and ages,
promoting overall health and vitality.
Equally significant is yoga's impact on
mental well-being. The 21st century has witnessed a surge in stress-related
disorders and mental health challenges. Yoga offers a sanctuary of calmness in
the midst of chaos, teaching individuals to quiet the mind, focus on the
present moment, and cultivate inner peace. Through techniques like meditation
and controlled breathing, practitioners can manage stress, anxiety, and
depression more effectively, enhancing their emotional resilience.
Moreover, the digital age has brought
about constant connectivity and information overload, often resulting in mental
fatigue and decreased attention spans. Yoga's emphasis on mindfulness and
concentration counters these effects, enabling individuals to develop a
heightened sense of awareness, concentration, and mental clarity. As a result,
productivity and creativity are enhanced, and the ability to manage daily
challenges is improved.
Yoga's importance also extends to
fostering a sense of community and interconnectedness. The practice brings
people from diverse backgrounds together, creating a shared space for personal
growth and mutual support. This aspect of yoga is particularly relevant in a
world where cultural diversity and global communication intersect.
In conclusion, the 21st century's
fast-paced lifestyle and evolving challenges have amplified the significance of
yoga. Its multifaceted benefits, spanning physical health, mental well-being,
and community building, make it a vital tool for individuals striving to
navigate the complexities of modern life. As the world continues to evolve, the
timeless wisdom of yoga provides a guiding light towards a balanced,
harmonious, and enriched existence.
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